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Introduction
Citizenship establishes the relationship between a state and an individual. In the Indian context, citizenship serves as an integral aspect of our political landscape and holds pivotal status in the UPSC Civil Services Examination. Let's embark on a detailed exploration of this crucial topic.
Categories of Citizenship
Understanding the different categories of citizenship is vital for grasping the concept itself:
Citizens: Citizens enjoy full political and civil rights; their status is legally established.
Non-Citizens: Non-citizens do not receive the same full legal rights as citizens, despite residing in the country.
Stateless Persons: Stateless persons lack citizenship in any nation.
Refugees: Refugees have fled their home country due to conflict or persecution, and thus seek refuge and protection in a foreign country.
Constitutional Provisions Related to Citizenship
Articles 5-11 (Part II of the Indian Constitution): These fundamental articles delineate the provisions and guidelines concerning citizenship as of the Constitution's commencement on January 26, 1950.
Additional Citizenship Provisions
The Citizenship Act of 1955: This legislation sets forth exhaustive regulations concerning the acquisition and termination of Indian citizenship.
Exclusive Privileges for Indian Citizens
Certain fundamental rights and privileges exist uniquely for Indian citizens:
Voting rights during elections
Access to public office positions
Rights enshrined in Articles 15, 16, 19, 29, and 30 of the Indian Constitution
Rights and Duties of Citizens
Rights: Freedom of speech, assembly, association, movement, residence, and right to practice any profession (with reasonable restrictions).
Duties: Obeying the law, safeguarding public property, defending the nation, fostering patriotism, embracing unity and harmony.
Fundamental Rights to Foreigners
Certain fundamental rights granted by the Indian Constitution are applicable to both citizens and non-citizens:
Article 14: Equality before the law
Article 21: