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The Ongoing Story: Amendments to the Disaster Management Act, 2005
Last week, the government introduced a Bill in Parliament seeking to amend the Disaster Management Act, 2005. The proposed changes aim to enhance the operational efficiencies of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in responding to natural disasters. This move is set to expand the role and responsibilities of the NDMA, ensuring better disaster management and relief efforts across the country.
Why the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was Constituted?
The NDMA was constituted as India's apex statutory body for disaster management following the enactment of the Disaster Management Act in December 2005. The devastating 2004 tsunami underscored the need for a structured and efficient disaster management system, which led to the creation of the NDMA on 27th September 2006. The Prime Minister of India serves as the chairperson, with nine other members, including a Vice-Chairperson.
The Significance of the National Disaster Management Plan
The National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) plays a crucial role in India's disaster management framework. Introduced in 2016, the plan provides a comprehensive roadmap for disaster risk reduction and management. It outlines the strategies and guidelines for various stakeholders to follow in mitigating the impact of disasters. The NDMP emphasizes a holistic approach, integrating prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery measures to ensure a resilient and disaster-ready nation.
The Purpose of the National Disaster Relief Fund (NDRF)
The National Disaster Relief Fund (NDRF) is a vital financial mechanism designed to provide immediate relief to disaster-affected areas. It facilitates swift allocation of resources for rescue, relief, and rehabilitation efforts. The NDRF ensures that states and Union Territories have the necessary financial backing to manage disasters effectively and support affected communities in the aftermath of calamities.
Key Takeaways from the Proposed Amendments
Expansion of NDMA's Role
The Bill seeks to significantly expand the NDMA's role, particularly in guiding state governments and central agencies in disaster management. The NDMA will now have enhanced authority to recommend guidelines for minimum standards of relief and coordinate national disaster response efforts.
Introduction of Urban Disaster Management Authorities
Recognising the unique challenges faced by large metropolitan cities, the Bill proposes the establishment of Urban Disaster Management Authorities. These authorities, headed by municipal commissioners, will ensure a focused and efficient response to urban disasters.
Mandatory State Disaster Response Forces (SDRFs)
The Bill mandates the creation and maintenance of State Disaster Response Forces (SDRFs) in every state, aligning them with the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF). This move aims to standardise and strengthen state-level disaster response capabilities.
Legal Status for the National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC)
The proposed amendments grant legal status to the National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC), making it the central body for managing disasters with serious or national ramifications. This legal recognition will enhance the NCMC's authority and operational effectiveness.
Clarification on the Definition of Disasters
The Bill seeks to include a clarification regarding the definition of disasters to encompass man-made causes. This broader definition will enable better preparedness and response to a wider range of disaster scenarios.
Institutional Framework for Disaster Management in India
India's disaster management framework is built on a multi-tiered approach, involving various institutions at national, state, and local levels:
National Level: The NDMA, chaired by the Prime Minister, formulates policies and guidelines, while the NDRF executes response operations.
State Level: State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs), headed by Chief Ministers, implement disaster management strategies in their respective states.
Local Level: District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) coordinate disaster response at the district level, ensuring timely and effective interventions.
Recent Initiatives at the Global Level
India has actively engaged in global disaster management initiatives, contributing to international resilience-building efforts. Key initiatives include:
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030): India is committed to implementing the Sendai Framework's goals, focusing on reducing disaster risk and enhancing resilience.
Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI): Launched by India, the CDRI aims to promote disaster-resilient infrastructure globally, fostering collaboration and knowledge-sharing among member countries.
Challenges Faced by the NDMA
Despite its critical role, the NDMA faces several challenges:
Limited Administrative and Financial Powers: The NDMA lacks direct administrative and financial authority, relying on the Home Ministry for approvals, which can delay decision-making.
Staffing Shortages: The NDMA operates with a limited number of members, impacting its capacity to manage large-scale disaster scenarios effectively.
Need for Greater Autonomy: There are calls for elevating the NDMA to a government department or ministry, providing it with more powers and resources to fulfill its mandate.
Evolution of the NDMA
The NDMA has evolved significantly since its inception. The government's recognition of disaster management as a national priority led to the establishment of high-powered committees and the enactment of the Disaster Management Act in 2005. Subsequent Five-Year Plans and Finance Commissions have incorporated disaster management strategies, reflecting its growing importance in national policy.
Vision of the NDMA
“To build a safer and disaster resilient India by a holistic, pro-active, technology driven and sustainable development strategy that involves all stakeholders and fosters a culture of prevention, preparedness and mitigation.”
Functions and Responsibilities of the NDMA
As the apex body for disaster management, the NDMA is responsible for:
Laying down policies and guidelines for disaster management.
Approving national and state disaster management plans.